The identification of textile fabrics can mainly be started from three latitudes. The composition of textile fabrics, the positive and negative aspects of textile fabrics, the latitude and longitude direction, and the appearance quality of textile fabrics can help fabric buyers find a good fabric with excellent quality and low price by identifying these three major directions. . Below, Xiao Bian describes in detail the specific methods of the three major types of identification methods, learning points oh
Identification of textile fabrics
1. Sensory identification
(1) Main method
Seeing: Use the visual effect of the eye to see the light and shade of the fabric, the dyeing condition, the surface roughness and the appearance characteristics of the texture, texture and fiber.
Hand touch: The tactile effect of the hand is used to feel the softness, hardness, smoothness, roughness, fineness, elasticity, coolness and warmth of the fabric. The strength and elasticity of fibers and yarns in the fabric can also be detected by hand.
Hearing, Nose Smelling: Hearing and smelling are helpful for judging the raw materials of certain fabrics. Such as silk has a unique silk sound; different types of fiber fabrics have different tearing; acrylic and wool fiber fabrics have different odors.
(2) Four steps
The first step is to initially distinguish the major categories of fibers or fabrics.
The second step is to further judge the type of raw materials by the sensory characteristics of the fibers in the fabric.
The third step is to make a final judgment based on the sensory characteristics of the fabric.
The fourth step is to verify the judgment result. If you do not grasp the judgment, you can use other methods to verify. If you make a mistake, you can perform sensory identification again or combine it with other methods for identification.
2. Combustion identification method
Combustion characteristics of common textile fibers
1 The cotton fiber burns in the event of a fire, and it burns fast. It produces yellow flames and odor. There is a slight grayish white smoke that can continue to burn after leaving the fire. After the flame is extinguished, there is still sparkling Mars, but the duration is not long. After being able to maintain the original velvet shape, the hands touch the fragile into loose ash, the ash is gray fine powder, the charred part of the fiber is black.
2 Hemp fibres, burning fast, softening, not melting, not shrinking, producing yellow or blue flames, with the smell of burning grass; leaving the flames continue to burn rapidly; less ash, light gray or white straw grayish.
3 wool, contact flame does not immediately burn, first curl, after the smoke, and then the fiber starts running and burning; the flame was orange and yellow, the burning speed is slower than the cotton fiber, immediately leaving the flame to stop burning, not easy to continue burning, burning hair and feathers Odor; ash can not maintain the original shape of the fiber, but was amorphous or spherical shiny dark brown brittle, with a finger pressure that is crushed, a large number of ash, burning odor.
4 Silk, burning slowly, melting and curling, shrinking into a mass when burned, having a stench of burning hair; flashing slightly when leaving the flame, burning slowly, sometimes self-extinguishing; ash is a dark brown crispy ball, with fingers A pressure that is broken.
⑤ viscose, cotton combustion substantially similar traits, but viscose combustion speed slightly faster than cotton fiber, less ash and sometimes difficult retains its shape, it will make a slight hiss during combustion viscose.
6 acetate fiber, burning fast, sparking, while melting, while burning, burning pungent acetic acid flavor; leaving the flame, while melting while burning; ash is black and shiny irregular block, available finger crush.
7 cuprammonium fiber, burning fast, does not melt, does not shrink, there is a smell of burning paper; leaving the flame continues to burn rapidly; ash is less, light gray or gray white.
8 When the fiber is burned, the fiber is curled first. While melting, it slowly burns. There is a yellow-white flame. The flame side is blue. The top of the flame is black smoke. It will continue to burn away from the flame. Sometimes it will stop burning and self-extinguish; Or sweet; ash is a dark brown hard ball, not easy to break with your fingers.
9 Nylon, which causes the fibers to shrink when they are close to the flame. After contact with the flame, the fibers are rapidly curled and melt into a transparent jelly with small bubbles.
10 Acrylic, melted while melting, while burning, burning fast; flames are white, bright and powerful, sometimes slightly black smoke; similar to fishy tar odor or spicy flavor; leaving the flame to continue burning, but the slow burning speed; The ashes are dark brown irregular brittle balls that are easy to break with your fingers.
11 vinylon, the fiber shrinks rapidly when burning, slowly burns, the flame is very small, almost no smoke; when the fiber is melted in large quantities, it will produce a large dark yellow flame, with small bubbles; special odor with calcium carbide gas when burning; Leaving the flame to continue burning, sometimes self-extinguishing; ash is dark brown irregular brittle beads, with your fingers can be broken.
12 polypropylene, while curling, while melting, slowly burning; a bright blue flame, black smoke, a drop of jelly; has a similar smell of burning paraffin; leave the flame to continue burning, sometimes self-extinguishing; ash is not The rules are hard, blocky, transparent, and are not easily broken with your fingers.
13 Polychlorin, hard to burn; melts and burns in flames, takes black smoke; leaving the flame immediately extinguishes, unable to continue burning; unpleasant pungent chlorine odor when burning; ash is irregular dark brown hard block, with fingers is not easy Broken.
14 Spandex, near the flame, first expands into a circle, then shrinks and melts; melts and burns in the flame, the burning speed is relatively slow, and the flame is yellow or blue; leaving the flame while melting and burning, slow self-extinguishing; special stimuli when burning Sexual odor; ash is a white, adhesive mass.
3. Density gradient method
Density gradient identification process is: first configure the density gradient liquid, the configuration method is to properly mix two light and heavy liquids with different density and can be mixed with each other, generally using xylene as light liquid, carbon tetrachloride as The heavy liquid, by means of diffusion, diffuses the light liquid molecules and the heavy liquid molecules at the interface of the two liquids, so that the mixed liquid forms a density gradient liquid having a continuous change from top to bottom in the density gradient tube. Standard density pellets are used to calibrate the density values ​​for each height. Then, the textile fiber to be tested is subjected to pretreatment such as deoiling, drying, etc. to form a small ball, and the ball is successively thrown into a density gradient tube to measure the density value of the fiber and compare with the standard density of the fiber to identify the fiber. species. Because the density gradient fluid will change with temperature, it is important to maintain constant temperature of the density gradient fluid during testing.
4. Microscopic observation
Under the microscope, by observing the longitudinal morphology of the textile fibers, it is possible to distinguish the major categories to which they belong; by observing the cross-sectional morphology of the textile fibers, the specific names of the fibers can be determined.
5. Dissolution method
For pure-spun fabrics, when identifying, a certain concentration of chemical reagents should be added to test tubes containing textile fibers to be identified, and then the dissolution of textile fibers (dissolved, partially dissolved, slightly soluble, insoluble) should be observed and carefully distinguished, and Carefully record the temperature at which it dissolved (normal temperature dissolution, heat dissolution, boiling dissolution).
For the blended fabrics, when identifying, it is necessary to first split the fabrics into individual rooted textile fibers, then place the textile fibers on the concave glass slides, unfold the fibers, drop the chemical reagents, and observe under the microscope. Observe the dissolution of the component fibers to determine the type of fiber.
Since the concentration and temperature of the chemical solvent have a significant influence on the dissolution properties of the textile fiber, when the textile fiber is identified by the dissolution method, the chemical reagent concentration and temperature should be strictly controlled.
6. Reagent coloring
The reagent coloring method is a method for rapidly identifying textile fiber varieties based on the difference in the coloring properties of various textile fibers for a certain chemical reagent. The reagent staining method is only applicable to undyed or purely spun yarns and fabrics. The colored textile fibers or textile fabrics must be decolorized.
7. Melting point method
The melting point method is based on the melting characteristics of various synthetic fibers, and the melting point is measured using a melting point meter to identify the types of textile fibers. Most synthetic fibers do not have an exact melting point, and the melting point of the same synthetic fiber is not a fixed value, but the melting point is basically fixed in a relatively narrow range. Therefore, the type of synthetic fibers can be determined based on the melting point. This is one of the methods to identify synthetic fibers. This method is not generally used only, but is used as a confirmatory auxiliary method after initial identification. It is only applicable to purely spun synthetic fabrics that have not been subjected to anti-melt treatment.
Positive and negative aspects of textile fabrics and warp and weft recognition
1. Identification of positive and negative faces of textile fabrics
Can be roughly divided into identification based on the organizational structure of the fabric (plain, twill, satin), according to the appearance of the textile fabric identification (calfs, leno fabrics, towel fabrics), according to the pattern recognition of textile fabrics, according to the textile fabric The edge identification of fabrics is identified according to the appearance effects of textile fabrics after special finishing (fluffing fabrics, double-layer multi-layer fabrics, burnt-out fabrics), and identified according to the trademarks and seals of textile fabrics, according to the packaging form of textile fabrics;
2. The latitude and longitude of textile fabrics
From textile edge identification to textile fabrics, density identification of textile fabrics, identification of yarn raw materials, identification of twisted yarns, identification of yarn structure, recognition of sizing, recognition of scars, warp and weft yarn densities of fabrics , Orientation and twist recognition, according to the fabric's scalability.
Identification of the appearance quality of textile fabrics
1. Recognition of textile fabrics
The defects of textile fabrics include broken threads, sinking yarns, bougainvillea, clews, cobwebs, holes, rovings, slub yarns, large belly yarns, double wefts, tightly twisted yarns, irregularities, thin, loose wefts, Thin sections, dense roads, thick sections, borders, nep impurities, stains, strips, cross bars, detached wefts, hundreds of feet, creases, hoops, spurs, misplaced wefts, pines, roads, squats Wear wrong, narrow, diagonal, reverse, pattern, color, color, stripe, streak, pattern does not match, depth, fine point, skew, offset, desizing, color flowers, stained these defects, according to the appearance of features can be carried out Identification.
2. Modified textile fabric identification
The main method is to see, touch, listen, sniff, and lick.
Look, observe the color, appearance of the fabric, whether there are traces of deterioration. Such as wind stains, oil stains, water spots, mold spots, stained, discolored or fabrics of different characteristics of the unusual features.
Touch, grasping the fabric with your hands, feel the symptoms of deterioration, such as stiffness, tidal adhesion, and fever.
Listening, the sound generated by tearing the fabric is contrasted with the crisp sound that occurs in normal fabrics. If the sound is dumb, dull, or silent, it may deteriorate.
Smell, through the fabric smell, to determine whether the fabric deterioration. Except for specially-arranged fabrics (such as anti-rain agents or resin treatments), all kinds of odor, such as acid, mildew, and bleaching powder, indicate that the fabric has deteriorated.
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Learning these methods is not a good thing for fabrics. Identifying fabrics is a matter of minutes.
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